COP28: A timeline of the United Nations’ pledge to tackle climate change

COP28: A timeline of the United Nations’ pledge to tackle climate change

It was 27 years ago that the first-ever Conference of the Parties(COP1) was held in Berlin, where the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was born. The annual COP talks have paved the way for significant contributions to environmental protection over the years.

COP3, held in Kyoto in 1997, saw the historical milestone of the Kyoto Protocol, the world’s first greenhouse gas emissions reduction treaty. The commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries laid the foundation of the carbon market.

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In 2001, governments reached a broad political agreement on the operational rulebook for the 1997 Kyoto Protocol at the second part of the sixth COP meeting in Bonn. This breakthrough paved the way for the Marrakesh Accords, resulting from COP7, which set the stage for ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. The Marrakesh Accords formalized the agreement on operational rules for International Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, Joint Implementation, compliance regime, and accounting procedures.

The Kyoto Protocol came into force in February 2005 when the Russian Federation submitted its instrument of ratification. COP11, held in Montreal in December 2005, was the first time it was